Passing the citizenship test is a key step in naturalization. The test includes an English test and a civics test. Proper preparation helps you pass confidently and complete your citizenship journey.

The English Test

The English test evaluates basic ability in reading, writing, and speaking English. You don't need perfect English—just functional ability for everyday purposes.

Speaking: The officer evaluates your English throughout the interview as you answer questions about your application.

Reading: You must read one of three sentences correctly. Sentences use vocabulary from the civics content.

Writing: You must write one of three sentences correctly. Spelling and grammar must be understandable.

English Test Exemptions

Certain applicants may qualify for English exemptions. If you're 50+ with 20 years as a permanent resident, or 55+ with 15 years, you may take the civics test in your native language. An interpreter can assist.

Medical disability exemptions (Form N-648) are available for those with physical or mental conditions preventing English acquisition.

The Civics Test

The civics test covers U.S. history and government. The officer asks up to 10 questions from a list of 100; you must answer 6 correctly to pass. Once you answer 6 correctly, the test stops.

Questions cover American government principles, the Constitution and Bill of Rights, U.S. history, and national symbols and holidays.

The 100 Civics Questions

USCIS publishes the exact 100 questions and answers. Study these—the test uses only these questions. Categories include principles of American democracy, system of government, rights and responsibilities, Colonial and American history, and civics symbols.

Sample questions: "What is the supreme law of the land?" (the Constitution), "How many amendments does the Constitution have?" (27), "Who is the Commander in Chief of the military?" (the President).

Civics Test Exemptions

Applicants 65+ with 20 years as permanent residents qualify for a simplified test—20 questions instead of 100, with 10 questions asked and 6 required correct.

Study Resources

USCIS provides free study materials including the 100 civics questions and answers, vocabulary lists for reading and writing, study booklets explaining concepts, and practice tests and flash cards.

Third-party resources include citizenship preparation classes (often offered free at libraries and community organizations), online study tools and apps, and tutoring programs for citizenship applicants.

Preparation Strategies

Start studying early—give yourself several months. Create flashcards for the 100 questions. Practice speaking English with friends or conversation groups. Write practice sentences daily.

Take practice tests to identify weak areas. Many questions relate to each other—understanding concepts helps more than memorization.

What to Expect at the Interview

The interview includes the English and civics tests along with questions about your application. The officer verifies your identity, reviews your N-400, and asks about any changes since filing.

Answer questions honestly. If you don't understand, ask the officer to repeat or rephrase. Bring glasses if you need them to read.

If You Don't Pass

If you fail either test, you get one retest within 60-90 days. The retest covers only the portion you failed. If you fail again, your application is denied, but you can reapply.

Accommodations

USCIS provides accommodations for applicants with disabilities. Request accommodations in advance if you need sign language interpreters, wheelchair access, or other assistance.

Getting Help

Many organizations offer free citizenship preparation classes. Libraries, community colleges, and immigrant services organizations frequently provide study groups and tutoring. An immigration attorney can help if you have concerns about the interview beyond the tests.